Wrapper’s in Clojure Ring

Notes

• Code

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OSS updates January and February 2026

In this post I&aposll give updates about open source I worked on during January and February 2026.

To see previous OSS updates, go here.

Sponsors

I&aposd like to thank all the sponsors and contributors that make this work possible. Without you, the below projects would not be as mature or wouldn&apost exist or be maintained at all! So a sincere thank you to everyone who contributes to the sustainability of these projects.

Current top tier sponsors:

• Clojurists Together
• Roam Research
• Nextjournal
• Nubank

Open the details section for more info about sponsoring.

Sponsor info

If you want to ensure that the projects I work on are sustainably maintained, you can sponsor this work in the following ways. Thank you!

• Github Sponsors
• The Babashka or Clj-kondo OpenCollective
• Ko-fi
• Patreon
• Clojurists Together

Updates

Babashka conf and Dutch Clojure Days 2026

Babashka Conf 2026 is happening on May 8th in the OBA Oosterdok library in Amsterdam! David Nolen, primary maintainer of ClojureScript, will be our keynote speaker! We&aposre excited to have Nubank, Exoscale, Bob and Itonomi as sponsors. Wendy Randolph will be our event host / MC / speaker liaison :-). The CfP is now closed. More information here. Get your ticket via Meetup.com (there is a waiting list, but more places may become available). The day after babashka conf, Dutch Clojure Days 2026 will be happening, so you can enjoy a whole weekend of Clojure in Amsterdam. Hope to see many of you there!

Projects

I spent a lot of time making SCI&aposs deftype, case, and macroexpand-1 match JVM Clojure more closely. As a result, libraries like riddley, cloverage, specter, editscript, and compliment now work in babashka.

After seeing charm.clj, a terminal UI library, I decided to incorporate JLine3 into babashka so people can build terminal UIs. Since I had JLine anyway, I also gave babashka&aposs console REPL a major upgrade with multi-line editing, tab completion, ghost text, and persistent history. A next goal is to run rebel-readline + nREPL from source in babashka, but that&aposs still work in progress (e.g. the compliment PR is still pending).

I&aposve been working on async/await support for ClojureScript (CLJS-3470), inspired by how squint handles it. I also implemented it in SCI (scittle, nbb etc. use SCI as a library), though the approach there is different since SCI is an interpreter.

Last but not least, I started cream, an experimental native binary that runs full JVM Clojure with fast startup using GraalVM&aposs Crema. Unlike babashka, it supports runtime bytecode generation (definterface, deftype, gen-class). It currently depends on a fork of Clojure and GraalVM EA, so it&aposs not production-ready yet.

Here are updates about the projects/libraries I&aposve worked on in the last two months in detail.

• NEW: cream: Clojure + GraalVM Crema native binary

  • A native binary that runs full JVM Clojure with fast startup, using GraalVM&aposs Crema (RuntimeClassLoading) to enable runtime eval, require, and library loading
  • Unlike babashka, supports definterface, deftype, gen-class, and other constructs that generate JVM bytecode at runtime
  • Can run .java source files directly, as a fast alternative to JBang
  • Cross-platform: Linux, macOS, Windows

• babashka: native, fast starting Clojure interpreter for scripting.

  • Released 1.12.214 and 1.12.215
  • #1909: add JLine3 for TUI support
  • Console REPL (bb repl) improvements: multi-line editing, tab completion, ghost text, eldoc, doc-at-point (C-x C-d), persistent history
  • Support deftype with map interfaces (e.g. IPersistentMap, ILookup, Associative). Libraries like core.cache and linked now work in babashka.
  • Compatibility with riddley, cloverage, editscript, charm.clj
  • #1299: add new babashka.terminal namespace that exposes tty?
  • Add keyword completions to nREPL and console REPL
  • deftype supports Object + hashCode
  • #1923: support reify with java.time.temporal.TemporalQuery
  • Fix reify with methods returning int/short/byte/float
  • Full changelog

• SCI: Configurable Clojure/Script interpreter suitable for scripting

  • Released 0.12.51
  • deftype now macroexpands to deftype*, matching JVM Clojure, enabling code walkers like riddley
  • case now macroexpands to JVM-compatible case* format, enabling tools like riddley and cloverage
  • Support async/await in ClojureScript. See docs.
  • Support functional interface adaptation for instance targets
  • Infer type tags from let binding values to binding names
  • defrecord now expands to deftype* (like Clojure), with factory fns emitted directly in the macro expansion
  • macroexpand-1 now accepts an optional env map as first argument
  • Add proxy-super, proxy-call-with-super, update-proxy and proxy-mappings
  • Support #564: this-as in ClojureScript
  • Store current analysis context during macro invocation, enabling tools like riddley to access outer locals
  • Full changelog

• clj-kondo: static analyzer and linter for Clojure code that sparks joy.
  @jramosg, @tomdl89 and @hugod have been on fire with contributions this period. Six new linters!

  • Released 2026.01.12 and 2026.01.19
  • #2735: NEW linter: :duplicate-refer which warns on duplicate entries in :refer of :require (@jramosg)
  • #2734: NEW linter: :aliased-referred-var, which warns when a var is both referred and accessed via an alias in the same namespace (@jramosg)
  • #2745: NEW linter: :is-message-not-string which warns when clojure.test/is receives a non-string message argument (@jramosg)
  • #2712: NEW linter: :redundant-format to warn when format strings contain no format specifiers (@jramosg)
  • #2709: NEW linter: :redundant-primitive-coercion to warn when primitive coercion functions are applied to expressions already of that type (@hugod)
  • Add new types array, class, inst and type checking support for related functions (@jramosg)
  • Add type checking support for clojure.test functions and macros (@jramosg)
  • #2340: Extend :condition-always-true linter to check first argument of clojure.test/is (@jramosg)
  • #2729: Check for arity mismatch for bound vectors, sets & maps, not just literals (@tomdl89)
  • #2768: NEW linter: :redundant-declare which warns when declare is used after a var is already defined (@jramosg)
  • Add type support for pmap and future-related functions (@jramosg)
  • Upgrade to GraalVM 25
  • Full changelog

• squint: CLJS syntax to JS compiler @tonsky and @willcohen contributed several improvements this period.

  • Add squint.math, also available as clojure.math namespace
  • #779: Added compare-and-swap!, swap-vals! and reset-vals! (@tonsky)
  • #788: Fixed compilation of dotimes with _ binding (@tonsky)
  • #790: Fixed shuffle not working on lazy sequences (@tonsky)
  • Multiple :require-macros with :refer now accumulate instead of overwriting (@willcohen)
  • Fix emitting negative zero value (-0.0)
  • Fix #792: prn js/undefined as nil
  • Fix #793: fix yield* IIFE
  • Full changelog

• scittle: Execute Clojure(Script) directly from browser script tags via SCI

  • Support async/await. See docs.
  • Implement js/import not using eval
  • Support this-as
  • nREPL: print #<Promise value> when a promise is evaluated

• nbb: Scripting in Clojure on Node.js using SCI

  • Support async/await. See docs for syntax.
  • Print promise result value in REPL/nREPL: (js/Promise.resolve 1) ;;=> #<Promise 1>

• fs - File system utility library for Clojure

  • Released 0.5.31
  • #212: Introduce :keep true option in with-temp-dir
  • #188 copy-tree now throws if src or dest is a symbolic link when not following links (@lread)
  • #201 gzip now accepts source-file Path (@lread)
  • #207 review and update glob and match docstrings (@lread)

• clerk: Moldable Live Programming for Clojure

  • Fix browse when using random port by passing 0, fixes #801
  • bb now supports editscript

• neil: A CLI to add common aliases and features to deps.edn-based projects.
  

  • #258: neil test now exits with non-zero exit code when tests fail

• cherry: Experimental ClojureScript to ES6 module compiler

  • Multiple :require-macros clauses with :refer now properly accumulate instead of overwriting each other

Contributions to third party projects:

• ClojureScript:
  • Working on async/await support (CLJS-3470). I also implemented this in SCI, scittle, and nbb.
  • CLJS-3471: fix printing of negative zero
  • CLJS-3472: str on var that is set! returns empty string
• editscript: Added babashka support, deps.edn for git dep usage, fixed CLJS tests
• riddley: Added babashka compatibility, clj-kondo config
• cloverage: Added babashka compatibility, migrated tools.cli from deprecated cli/cli to cli/parse-opts, bumped riddley
• specter: Added babashka compatibility
• compliment: Added babashka compatibility (PR #131)
• rebel-readline: Removed JLine impl class dependencies for babashka compatibility, released 0.1.7
• Selmer: Namespaced script tag context keys to avoid collisions, removed runtime require of clojure.tools.logging
• charm.clj: Contributed JLine integration, FFM native terminal interface, babashka and native-image compatibility

Other projects

These are (some of the) other projects I&aposm involved with but little to no activity happened in the past month.

Click for more details - [pod-babashka-go-sqlite3](https://github.com/babashka/pod-babashka-go-sqlite3): A babashka pod for interacting with sqlite3 - [unused-deps](https://github.com/borkdude/unused-deps): Find unused deps in a clojure project - [pod-babashka-fswatcher](https://github.com/babashka/pod-babashka-fswatcher): babashka filewatcher pod - [sci.nrepl](https://github.com/babashka/sci.nrepl): nREPL server for SCI projects that run in the browser - [babashka.nrepl-client](https://github.com/babashka/nrepl-client) - [http-server](https://github.com/babashka/http-server): serve static assets - [sci.configs](https://github.com/babashka/sci.configs): A collection of ready to be used SCI configs. - [http-client](https://github.com/babashka/http-client): babashka's http-client - [html](https://github.com/borkdude/html): Html generation library inspired by squint's html tag - [instaparse-bb](https://github.com/babashka/instaparse-bb): Use instaparse from babashka - [sql pods](https://github.com/babashka/babashka-sql-pods): babashka pods for SQL databases - [rewrite-edn](https://github.com/borkdude/rewrite-edn): Utility lib on top of - [rewrite-clj](https://github.com/clj-commons/rewrite-clj): Rewrite Clojure code and edn - [tools-deps-native](https://github.com/babashka/tools-deps-native) and [tools.bbuild](https://github.com/babashka/tools.bbuild): use tools.deps directly from babashka - [bbin](https://github.com/babashka/bbin): Install any Babashka script or project with one command - [qualify-methods](https://github.com/borkdude/qualify-methods) - Initial release of experimental tool to rewrite instance calls to use fully qualified methods (Clojure 1.12 only) - [tools](https://github.com/borkdude/tools): a set of [bbin](https://github.com/babashka/bbin/) installable scripts - [babashka.json](https://github.com/babashka/json): babashka JSON library/adapter - [speculative](https://github.com/borkdude/speculative) - [squint-macros](https://github.com/squint-cljs/squint-macros): a couple of macros that stand-in for [applied-science/js-interop](https://github.com/applied-science/js-interop) and [promesa](https://github.com/funcool/promesa) to make CLJS projects compatible with squint and/or cherry. - [grasp](https://github.com/borkdude/grasp): Grep Clojure code using clojure.spec regexes - [lein-clj-kondo](https://github.com/clj-kondo/lein-clj-kondo): a leiningen plugin for clj-kondo - [http-kit](https://github.com/http-kit/http-kit): Simple, high-performance event-driven HTTP client+server for Clojure. - [babashka.nrepl](https://github.com/babashka/babashka.nrepl): The nREPL server from babashka as a library, so it can be used from other SCI-based CLIs - [jet](https://github.com/borkdude/jet): CLI to transform between JSON, EDN, YAML and Transit using Clojure - [lein2deps](https://github.com/borkdude/lein2deps): leiningen to deps.edn converter - [cljs-showcase](https://github.com/borkdude/cljs-showcase): Showcase CLJS libs using SCI - [babashka.book](https://github.com/babashka/book): Babashka manual - [pod-babashka-buddy](https://github.com/babashka/pod-babashka-buddy): A pod around buddy core (Cryptographic Api for Clojure). - [gh-release-artifact](https://github.com/borkdude/gh-release-artifact): Upload artifacts to Github releases idempotently - [carve](https://github.com/borkdude/carve) - Remove unused Clojure vars - [4ever-clojure](https://github.com/oxalorg/4ever-clojure) - Pure CLJS version of 4clojure, meant to run forever! - [pod-babashka-lanterna](https://github.com/babashka/pod-babashka-lanterna): Interact with clojure-lanterna from babashka - [joyride](https://github.com/BetterThanTomorrow/joyride): VSCode CLJS scripting and REPL (via [SCI](https://github.com/babashka/sci)) - [clj2el](https://borkdude.github.io/clj2el/): transpile Clojure to elisp - [deflet](https://github.com/borkdude/deflet): make let-expressions REPL-friendly! - [deps.add-lib](https://github.com/borkdude/deps.add-lib): Clojure 1.12's add-lib feature for leiningen and/or other environments without a specific version of the clojure CLI - [edamame](https://github.com/borkdude/edamame): configurable EDN and Clojure parser with location metadata and more - [CLI](https://github.com/babashka/cli): Turn Clojure functions into CLIs! - [quickblog](https://github.com/borkdude/quickblog): light-weight static blog engine for Clojure and babashka - [process](https://github.com/babashka/process): Clojure library for shelling out / spawning sub-processes - [deps.clj](https://github.com/borkdude/deps.clj): A faithful port of the clojure CLI bash script to Clojure - [reagami](https://github.com/borkdude/reagami): A minimal zero-deps Reagent-like for Squint and CLJS - [parmezan](https://github.com/borkdude/parmezan): fixes unbalanced or unexpected parens or other delimiters in Clojure files - [quickdoc](https://github.com/borkdude/quickdoc): Quick and minimal API doc generation for Clojure - [Nextjournal Markdown](https://github.com/nextjournal/markdown)

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Understanding Elixir's List.to_string

So I came across this (quite old) post on stackoverflow, someone wanted to print a list next to a string and he was struggling with it

Elixir: Printing list along with string

Aug 5 '17 Comments: 1 Answers: 2

16

I would like to print a list along with a string identifier like

list = [1, 2, 3]
IO.puts "list is ", list

This does not work. I have tried few variations like

# this prints only the list, not any strings
IO.inspect list
# using puts which also does

…

Open Full Question

Elixir surely have a function that convert a lists to string, and it does List.to_string

But to my surprise List.to_string was doing weird things

iex(42)> [232, 137, 178] |> List.to_string
<<195, 168, 194, 137, 194, 178>>
iex(43)> [1, 2, 3] |> List.to_string
<<1, 2, 3>>

That was not what I was expecting, I was expecting a returned value that is similar to what IO.inspect produce

So to verify my expectation, I checked what clojure does, because clojure to me is the epitome of sanity

Clojure 1.12.4
user=> (str '(232 137 178))
"(232 137 178)"
user=> (str '(1 2 3))
"(1 2 3)"

it was more or less what IO.inspect does
it returns something that look like how lists "look like" as code

So next step was more introspection

iex(47)> [232, 137, 178] |> List.to_string |> i
Term
  <<195, 168, 194, 137, 194, 178>>
Data type
  BitString
Byte size
  6
Description
  This is a string: a UTF-8 encoded binary. It's printed with the `<<>>`
  syntax (as opposed to double quotes) because it contains non-printable
  UTF-8 encoded code points (the first non-printable code point being
  `<<194, 137>>`).
Reference modules
  String, :binary
Implemented protocols
  Collectable, IEx.Info, Inspect, JSON.Encoder, List.Chars, String.Chars

What the heck is BitString?

So I kept fiddling with the function, until I finally got it

iex(44)> ["o","m",["z","y"]] |> List.to_string
"omzy"
iex(45)> ["o","m",["z","y"]] |> IO.inspect
["o", "m", ["z", "y"]]
["o", "m", ["z", "y"]]

List.to_string , does not transform a list to a string (preserving its structure), List.to_string flattens a list, take each element and transform it to a UTF-8 code point, and if you try to print that, you will get whatever string those codes points produce

iex(49)> [232, 137, 178] |> List.to_string |> IO.puts
è²
:ok
iex(50)> [91, 50, 51, 50, 44, 32, 49, 51, 55, 44, 32, 49, 55, 56, 93] |> List.to_string |> IO.puts
[232, 137, 178]
:ok

In retrospect this is what the docs says

but well, the docs wasn't telling what I wanted it to say 😀

And oh, before I forget, Elixir have the inspect function, which does exactly was I thought List.to_string would do

iex(53)> [232, 137, 178] |> inspect |> IO.puts
[232, 137, 178]
:ok
iex(54)> ["o","m",["z","y"]] |> inspect |> IO.puts
["o", "m", ["z", "y"]]
:ok

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I am sorry, but everyone is getting syntax highlighting wrong

Translations: Russian

Syntax highlighting is a tool. It can help you read code faster. Find things quicker. Orient yourself in a large file.

Like any tool, it can be used correctly or incorrectly. Let’s see how to use syntax highlighting to help you work.

Christmas Lights Diarrhea

Most color themes have a unique bright color for literally everything: one for variables, another for language keywords, constants, punctuation, functions, classes, calls, comments, etc.

Sometimes it gets so bad one can’t see the base text color: everything is highlighted. What’s the base text color here?

The problem with that is, if everything is highlighted, nothing stands out. Your eye adapts and considers it a new norm: everything is bright and shiny, and instead of getting separated, it all blends together.

Here’s a quick test. Try to find the function definition here:

and here:

See what I mean?

So yeah, unfortunately, you can’t just highlight everything. You have to make decisions: what is more important, what is less. What should stand out, what shouldn’t.

Highlighting everything is like assigning “top priority” to every task in Linear. It only works if most of the tasks have lesser priorities.

If everything is highlighted, nothing is highlighted.

Enough colors to remember

There are two main use-cases you want your color theme to address:

1. Look at something and tell what it is by its color (you can tell by reading text, yes, but why do you need syntax highlighting then?)
2. Search for something. You want to know what to look for (which color).

1 is a direct index lookup: color → type of thing.

2 is a reverse lookup: type of thing → color.

Truth is, most people don’t do these lookups at all. They might think they do, but in reality, they don’t.

Let me illustrate. Before:

After:

Can you see it? I misspelled return for retunr and its color switched from red to purple.

I can’t.

Here’s another test. Close your eyes (not yet! Finish this sentence first) and try to remember what color your color theme uses for class names?

Can you?

If the answer for both questions is “no”, then your color theme is not functional. It might give you comfort (as in—I feel safe. If it’s highlighted, it’s probably code) but you can’t use it as a tool. It doesn’t help you.

What’s the solution? Have an absolute minimum of colors. So little that they all fit in your head at once. For example, my color theme, Alabaster, only uses four:

• Green for strings
• Purple for constants
• Yellow for comments
• Light blue for top-level definitions

That’s it! And I was able to type it all from memory, too. This minimalism allows me to actually do lookups: if I’m looking for a string, I know it will be green. If I’m looking at something yellow, I know it’s a comment.

Limit the number of different colors to what you can remember.

If you swap green and purple in my editor, it’ll be a catastrophe. If somebody swapped colors in yours, would you even notice?

What should you highlight?

Something there isn’t a lot of. Remember—we want highlights to stand out. That’s why I don’t highlight variables or function calls—they are everywhere, your code is probably 75% variable names and function calls.

I do highlight constants (numbers, strings). These are usually used more sparingly and often are reference points—a lot of logic paths start from constants.

Top-level definitions are another good idea. They give you an idea of a structure quickly.

Punctuation: it helps to separate names from syntax a little bit, and you care about names first, especially when quickly scanning code.

Please, please don’t highlight language keywords. class, function, if, elsestuff like this. You rarely look for them: “where’s that if” is a valid question, but you will be looking not at the if the keyword, but at the condition after it. The condition is the important, distinguishing part. The keyword is not.

Highlight names and constants. Grey out punctuation. Don’t highlight language keywords.

Comments are important

The tradition of using grey for comments comes from the times when people were paid by line. If you have something like

of course you would want to grey it out! This is bullshit text that doesn’t add anything and was written to be ignored.

But for good comments, the situation is opposite. Good comments ADD to the code. They explain something that couldn’t be expressed directly. They are important.

So here’s another controversial idea:

Comments should be highlighted, not hidden away.

Use bold colors, draw attention to them. Don’t shy away. If somebody took the time to tell you something, then you want to read it.

Two types of comments

Another secret nobody is talking about is that there are two types of comments:

1. Explanations
2. Disabled code

Most languages don’t distinguish between those, so there’s not much you can do syntax-wise. Sometimes there’s a convention (e.g. -- vs /* */ in SQL), then use it!

Here’s a real example from Clojure codebase that makes perfect use of two types of comments:

Disabled code is gray, explanation is bright yellow

Light or dark?

Per statistics, 70% of developers prefer dark themes. Being in the other 30%, that question always puzzled me. Why?

And I think I have an answer. Here’s a typical dark theme:

and here’s a light one:

On the latter one, colors are way less vibrant. Here, I picked them out for you:

Notice how many colors there are. No one can remember that many.

This is because dark colors are in general less distinguishable and more muddy. Look at Hue scale as we move brightness down:

Basically, in the dark part of the spectrum, you just get fewer colors to play with. There’s no “dark yellow” or good-looking “dark teal”.

Nothing can be done here. There are no magic colors hiding somewhere that have both good contrast on a white background and look good at the same time. By choosing a light theme, you are dooming yourself to a very limited, bad-looking, barely distinguishable set of dark colors.

So it makes sense. Dark themes do look better. Or rather: light ones can’t look good. Science ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

But!

But.

There is one trick you can do, that I don’t see a lot of. Use background colors! Compare:

The first one has nice colors, but the contrast is too low: letters become hard to read.

The second one has good contrast, but you can barely see colors.

The last one has both: high contrast and clean, vibrant colors. Lighter colors are readable even on a white background since they fill a lot more area. Text is the same brightness as in the second example, yet it gives the impression of clearer color. It’s all upside, really.

UI designers know about this trick for a while, but I rarely see it applied in code editors:

If your editor supports choosing background color, give it a try. It might open light themes for you.

Bold and italics

Don’t use. This goes into the same category as too many colors. It’s just another way to highlight something, and you don’t need too many, because you can’t highlight everything.

In theory, you might try to replace colors with typography. Would that work? I don’t know. I haven’t seen any examples.

Using italics and bold instead of colors

Myth of number-based perfection

Some themes pay too much attention to be scientifically uniform. Like, all colors have the same exact lightness, and hues are distributed evenly on a circle.

This could be nice (to know if you have OCD), but in practice, it doesn’t work as well as it sounds:

OkLab l=0.7473 c=0.1253 h=0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315

The idea of highlighting is to make things stand out. If you make all colors the same lightness and chroma, they will look very similar to each other, and it’ll be hard to tell them apart.

Our eyes are way more sensitive to differences in lightness than in color, and we should use it, not try to negate it.

Let’s design a color theme together

Let’s apply these principles step by step and see where it leads us. We start with the theme from the start of this post:

First, let’s remove highlighting from language keywords and re-introduce base text color:

Next, we remove color from variable usage:

and from function/method invocation:

The thinking is that your code is mostly references to variables and method invocation. If we highlight those, we’ll have to highlight more than 75% of your code.

Notice that we’ve kept variable declarations. These are not as ubiquitous and help you quickly answer a common question: where does thing thing come from?

Next, let’s tone down punctuation:

I prefer to dim it a little bit because it helps names stand out more. Names alone can give you the general idea of what’s going on, and the exact configuration of brackets is rarely equally important.

But you might roll with base color punctuation, too:

Okay, getting close. Let’s highlight comments:

We don’t use red here because you usually need it for squiggly lines and errors.

This is still one color too many, so I unify numbers and strings to both use green:

Finally, let’s rotate colors a bit. We want to respect nesting logic, so function declarations should be brighter (yellow) than variable declarations (blue).

Compare with what we started:

In my opinion, we got a much more workable color theme: it’s easier on the eyes and helps you find stuff faster.

Shameless plug time

I’ve been applying these principles for about 8 years now.

I call this theme Alabaster and I’ve built it a couple of times for the editors I used:

• VS Code
• JetBrains IDEs
• Sublime Text (twice)

It’s also been ported to many other editors and terminals; the most complete list is probably here. If your editor is not on the list, try searching for it by name—it might be built-in already! I always wondered where these color themes come from, and now I became an author of one (and I still don’t know).

Feel free to use Alabaster as is or build your own theme using the principles outlined in the article—either is fine by me.

As for the principles themselves, they worked out fantastically for me. I’ve never wanted to go back, and just one look at any “traditional” color theme gives me a scare now.

I suspect that the only reason we don’t see more restrained color themes is that people never really thought about it. Well, this is your wake-up call. I hope this will inspire people to use color more deliberately and to change the default way we build and use color themes.

Permalink

Statistics made simple

I have a weird relationship with statistics: on one hand, I try not to look at it too often. Maybe once or twice a year. It’s because analytics is not actionable: what difference does it make if a thousand people saw my article or ten thousand?

I mean, sure, you might try to guess people’s tastes and only write about what’s popular, but that will destroy your soul pretty quickly.

On the other hand, I feel nervous when something is not accounted for, recorded, or saved for future reference. I might not need it now, but what if ten years later I change my mind?

Seeing your readers also helps to know you are not writing into the void. So I really don’t need much, something very basic: the number of readers per day/per article, maybe, would be enough.

Final piece of the puzzle: I self-host my web projects, and I use an old-fashioned web server instead of delegating that task to Nginx.

Static sites are popular and for a good reason: they are fast, lightweight, and fulfil their function. I, on the other hand, might have an unfinished gestalt or two: I want to feel the full power of the computer when serving my web pages, to be able to do fun stuff that is beyond static pages. I need that freedom that comes with a full programming language at your disposal. I want to program my own web server (in Clojure, sorry everybody else).

Existing options

All this led me on a quest for a statistics solution that would uniquely fit my needs. Google Analytics was out: bloated, not privacy-friendly, terrible UX, Google is evil, etc.

What is going on?

Some other JS solution might’ve been possible, but still questionable: SaaS? Paid? Will they be around in 10 years? Self-host? Are their cookies GDPR-compliant? How to count RSS feeds?

Nginx has access logs, so I tried server-side statistics that feed off those (namely, Goatcounter). Easy to set up, but then I needed to create domains for them, manage accounts, monitor the process, and it wasn’t even performant enough on my server/request volume!

My solution

So I ended up building my own. You are welcome to join, if your constraints are similar to mine. This is how it looks:

It’s pretty basic, but does a few things that were important to me.

Setup

Extremely easy to set up. And I mean it as a feature.

Just add our middleware to your Ring stack and get everything automatically: collecting and reporting.

(def app
  (-> routes
    ...
    (ring.middleware.params/wrap-params)
    (ring.middleware.cookies/wrap-cookies)
    ...
    (clj-simple-stats.core/wrap-stats))) ;; <-- just add this

It’s zero setup in the best sense: nothing to configure, nothing to monitor, minimal dependency. It starts to work immediately and doesn’t ask anything from you, ever.

See, you already have your web server, why not reuse all the setup you did for it anyway?

Request types

We distinguish between request types. In my case, I am only interested in live people, so I count them separately from RSS feed requests, favicon requests, redirects, wrong URLs, and bots. Bots are particularly active these days. Gotta get that AI training data from somewhere.

RSS feeds are live people in a sense, so extra work was done to count them properly. Same reader requesting feed.xml 100 times in a day will only count as one request.

Hosted RSS readers often report user count in User-Agent, like this:

Feedly/1.0 (+http://www.feedly.com/fetcher.html; 457 subscribers; like FeedFetcher-Google)

Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; BazQux/2.4; +https://bazqux.com/fetcher; 6 subscribers)

Feedbin feed-id:1373711 - 142 subscribers

My personal respect and thank you to everybody on this list. I see you.

Graphs

Visualization is important, and so is choosing the correct graph type. This is wrong:

Continuous line suggests interpolation. It reads like between 1 visit at 5am and 11 visits at 6am there were points with 2, 3, 5, 9 visits in between. Maybe 5.5 visits even! That is not the case.

This is how a semantically correct version of that graph should look:

Some attention was also paid to having reasonable labels on axes. You won’t see something like 117, 234, 10875. We always choose round numbers appropriate to the scale: 100, 200, 500, 1K etc.

Goes without saying that all graphs have the same vertical scale and syncrhonized horizontal scroll.

Insights

We don’t offer much (as I don’t need much), but you can narrow reports down by page, query, referrer, user agent, and any date slice.

Not implemented (yet)

It would be nice to have some insights into “What was this spike caused by?”

Some basic breakdown by country would be nice. I do have IP addresses (for what they are worth), but I need a way to package GeoIP into some reasonable size (under 1 Mb, preferably; some loss of resolution is okay).

Finally, one thing I am really interested in is “Who wrote about me?” I do have referrers, only question is how to separate signal from noise.

Performance. DuckDB is a sport: it compresses data and runs column queries, so storing extra columns per row doesn’t affect query performance. Still, each dashboard hit is a query across the entire database, which at this moment (~3 years of data) sits around 600 MiB. I definitely need to look into building some pre-calculated aggregates.

One day.

How to get

Head to github.com/tonsky/clj-simple-stats and follow the instructions:

Let me know what you think! Is it usable to you? What could be improved?

Permalink

Call for Proposals. Feb. 2026 Survey

Greetings folks!

Clojurists Together is pleased to announce that we are opening our Q2 2026 funding round for Clojure Open Source Projects. Applications will be accepted through the 19th of March 2026 (midnight Pacific Time). We are looking forward to reviewing your proposals! More information and the application can be found here.

We will be awarding up to $33,000 USD for a total of 5-7 projects. The $2k funding tier is for experimental projects or smaller proposals, whereas the $9k tier is for those that are more established. Projects generally run 3 months, however, the $9K projects can run between 3 and 12 months as needed. We expect projects to start at the beginning of April 2026.

A BIG THANKS to all our members for your continued support. We also want to encourage you to reach out to your colleagues and companies to join Clojurists Together so that we can fund EVEN MORE great projects throughout the year.

And Now the Survey…

We surveyed the community in February to find out what what issues were top of mind and types of initiatives they would like us to focus on for this round of funding. As always, there were a lot of ideas and we hope they will be useful in informing your project proposals.

A number of themes appeared in the survey results.

The biggest theme, by far, was related to adoption and growth of Clojure. Respondents repeatedly mentioned that Clojure is niche, and although they are happy with Clojure, that makes it harder to justify for projects, to find employment, and to persuade others than it is for more popular languages. Respondents want a larger community and wider adoption. In particular, they want more public advocacy for Clojure, including videos, tutorials, public success stories, starter projects, and outreach in general.

Another major theme was AI. Respondents were concerned about AI coding assistants being perceived as having weak Clojure support, and they expressed frustration that Python is perceived as the safe choice for AI despite how well Clojure works with AI tooling. Nonetheless, respondents would like to see more work on tooling, guides, and resources for using AI with Clojure.

ClojureScript and JavaScript interop received the most specific attention. Respondents want CLJS/Cherry/Skittle to provide frictionless support for modern JavaScript standards (ES6 and ESM) and would like an overall simplification of the build and run process.

Developer experience issues came up a number of times, including: confusing error messages, poor documentation, and under-supported libraries. Improvements to any of those would be welcome.

Difficulty finding Clojure employment was another recurring theme. Respondents were not sure how to solve it, but suggested a community job board might be helpful.

February 2026 Survey

88% of respondents use or refer to projects funded by Clojurists Together

Plans for Conference Attendance in 2026 (number of mentions):

• Clojure/Conj: 8
• Dutch Clojure Days: 6
• babashka conference: 5
• Clojure South: 1
• Clojure Jam: 1
• reClojure: 1
  

If you were only to name ONE, what is the biggest challenge facing Clojure developers today and how can Clojurists Together support you or your organization in addressing those challenges? If you could wave a magic wand and change anything inside the Clojure community, what would it be? (select responses by category).

Adoption:

• Advertising video like that one on Clojure Conj five years ago or so
• Language Adoption and popularity, projects that helps to grow the popularity of the language or helps to start programming easily
• Lack of widespread adoption is not a problem… until you want to convince others that Clojure is a technology you can count on and is worth developing with. Convincing others that Clojure is a great and solid technology that’s here to stay, regardless of low(er) adoption, is sometimes tough.
• The fact that many teams and project would rule out Clojure as an option, being perceived as niche, far from mainstream, and thus risky
• I would have more Clojure evangelism. More videos/blog posts/demos around using Clojure, both about whatever is currently at the peak of the broader tech hype cycle – LLMs currently – as well as uses and topics outside of the hype cycle.

AI/LLMs

• Keeping relevant in a programming market is the top challenge. With the IA, everyone is moving toward the most popular languages. If nobody uses Clojure, it is more difficult to justify its use, no matter how much better it could be.
• The biggest challenge is the spreading expectation that everything will be done in Python because AI will fix whatever problems Python will allegedly cause.
• How will Clojure and the Community fare in the light of LLMs and coding assistants?
• We are being encouraged to use Agentic AI coding assistants, but their support for Clojure is behind that of other languages.
• How can we articulate the value of Clojure as a sustainable, modern solution when discussion about AI is taking all of the air in the room. We can for example fortify our tooling regards this. Projects such as Calva make Clojure easy to approach for newbies and ClojureMCP is a great tool for Agentic developers.
• I am unsure about how LLM driven development fits with Clojure. I find myself building some things with JS and Python. For larger projects I am relying on Clojure for it’s correctness properties and lower likelyhood of bugs.
• Support AI integration Clojure projects

Employment

• Difficulty finding interesting and reliable work, but this isn’t just Clojure-specific, the whole industry is weird right now.
• Finding employment writing Clojure code
• I would say that the biggest challenge for Clojure developers is in the job search. I’m not certain of a solution to this challenge, but perhaps some kind of Clojurists Together Job Board?

Developer Experience

• Developer tooling improvements competitive with modern JavaScript/TypeScript tooling
• Missing parts of the data science stack
• Better documentation of the tools and projects and more tutorials
• Better integration with cljs/scittle/js/typescript - separate cljs compilation too complicated - scittle/squint/cherry with ES6 integration is the way clojurescript support for ESM libraries. It’s crazy the hoops you have to jump through to use ESM with clojurescript, most people probably assume it’s not possible at all because it’s so difficult.
• Closer integration with JavaScript/TypeScript tooling -Seamless integration of cljs/cherry/scittle into the js-ecosystem with live repl and load-file support, standard sente/websocket communication included, standard/default solid telemetry/instrumentation API
• Quicker resolution of outstanding Clojure (JIRA) issues
• Have a official support program to people that focus on promote the language and/or community instead of library maintainers (like GDE from Google, MVP from Microsoft, Github Stars from Github)
• I would encourage “cljc” as a default idiom. The linter could say, “This could be a cljc file!” or “Change this to that and suddenly it would be cljc-compatible”.
• It remains Error Reporting imho, and anyone working on improving it would get my eternal gratitude.
  

What areas of the Clojure ecosystem need support? (select responses)

• “I think something around marketing/evangelism; I have worked on several teams using Clojure/ClojureScript that have had to defend the use of Clojure/ClojureScript against more mainstream JVM/JS languages, and the core issue we’ve run up against is a confluence of the following three items:
  – 1. there are more Kotlin/Scala/TypeScript/Java developers than there are Clojure/ClojureScript developers
  – 2. The salary ranges for those languages tends to be lower than that for Clojure/ClojureScript
  – 3. The greatest benefits to be gained from using Clojure/ClojureScript – systems which are far easier to understand, maintain, and extend, thus accelerating business goals – are exceptionally difficult to quantify.”
• “data.xml – My ticket has been rotting away for 14 months. :) (XML is a core technology at my company.)”
• Repl tooling and setup, more official tutorials and guides. Data validation and schemas.
• Data science, clojure for frontend
• Guides for LLM driven development that don’t invoke huge piles of software just to modify code.
• Growth to new domains and use cases, specifically scientific / academic / teaching
  

Permalink

Call for Proposals. Feb. 2026 Member Survey

Greetings folks!

Clojurists Together is pleased to announce that we are opening our Q2 2026 funding round for Clojure Open Source Projects. Applications will be accepted through the 19th of March 2026 (midnight Pacific Time). We are looking forward to reviewing your proposals! More information and the application can be found here.

We will be awarding up to $33,000 USD for a total of 5-7 projects. The $2k funding tier is for experimental projects or smaller proposals, whereas the $9k tier is for those that are more established. Projects generally run 3 months, however, the $9K projects can run between 3 and 12 months as needed. We expect projects to start at the beginning of April 2026.

A BIG THANKS to all our members for your continued support. We also want to encourage you to reach out to your colleagues and companies to join Clojurists Together so that we can fund EVEN MORE great projects throughout the year.

And Now the Survey…

We surveyed the community in February to find out what what issues were top of mind and types of initiatives they would like us to focus on for this round of funding. As always, there were a lot of ideas and we hope they will be useful in informing your project proposals.

A number of themes appeared in the survey results.

The biggest theme, by far, was related to adoption and growth of Clojure. Respondents repeatedly mentioned that Clojure is niche, and although they are happy with Clojure, that makes it harder to justify for projects, to find employment, and to persuade others than it is for more popular languages. Respondents want a larger community and wider adoption. In particular, they want more public advocacy for Clojure, including videos, tutorials, public success stories, starter projects, and outreach in general.

Another major theme was AI. Respondents were concerned about AI coding assistants being perceived as having weak Clojure support, and they expressed frustration that Python is perceived as the safe choice for AI despite how well Clojure works with AI tooling. Nonetheless, respondents would like to see more work on tooling, guides, and resources for using AI with Clojure.

ClojureScript and JavaScript interop received the most specific attention. Respondents want CLJS/Cherry/Skittle to provide frictionless support for modern JavaScript standards (ES6 and ESM) and would like an overall simplification of the build and run process.

Developer experience issues came up a number of times, including: confusing error messages, poor documentation, and under-supported libraries. Improvements to any of those would be welcome.

Difficulty finding Clojure employment was another recurring theme. Respondents were not sure how to solve it, but suggested a community job board might be helpful.

February 2026 Survey

88% of respondents use or refer to projects funded by Clojurists Together

Plans for Conference Attendance in 2026 (number of mentions):

• Clojure/Conj: 8
• Dutch Clojure Days: 6
• babashka conference: 5
• Clojure South: 1
• Clojure Jam: 1
• reClojure: 1
  

If you were only to name ONE, what is the biggest challenge facing Clojure developers today and how can Clojurists Together support you or your organization in addressing those challenges? If you could wave a magic wand and change anything inside the Clojure community, what would it be? (select responses by category).

Adoption:

• Advertising video like that one on Clojure Conj five years ago or so
• Language Adoption and popularity, projects that helps to grow the popularity of the language or helps to start programming easily
• Lack of widespread adoption is not a problem… until you want to convince others that Clojure is a technology you can count on and is worth developing with. Convincing others that Clojure is a great and solid technology that’s here to stay, regardless of low(er) adoption, is sometimes tough.
• The fact that many teams and project would rule out Clojure as an option, being perceived as niche, far from mainstream, and thus risky
• I would have more Clojure evangelism. More videos/blog posts/demos around using Clojure, both about whatever is currently at the peak of the broader tech hype cycle – LLMs currently – as well as uses and topics outside of the hype cycle.

AI/LLMs

• Keeping relevant in a programming market is the top challenge. With the IA, everyone is moving toward the most popular languages. If nobody uses Clojure, it is more difficult to justify its use, no matter how much better it could be.
• The biggest challenge is the spreading expectation that everything will be done in Python because AI will fix whatever problems Python will allegedly cause.
• How will Clojure and the Community fare in the light of LLMs and coding assistants?
• We are being encouraged to use Agentic AI coding assistants, but their support for Clojure is behind that of other languages.
• How can we articulate the value of Clojure as a sustainable, modern solution when discussion about AI is taking all of the air in the room. We can for example fortify our tooling regards this. Projects such as Calva make Clojure easy to approach for newbies and ClojureMCP is a great tool for Agentic developers.
• I am unsure about how LLM driven development fits with Clojure. I find myself building some things with JS and Python. For larger projects I am relying on Clojure for it’s correctness properties and lower likelyhood of bugs.
• Support AI integration Clojure projects

Employment

• Difficulty finding interesting and reliable work, but this isn’t just Clojure-specific, the whole industry is weird right now.
• Finding employment writing Clojure code
• I would say that the biggest challenge for Clojure developers is in the job search. I’m not certain of a solution to this challenge, but perhaps some kind of Clojurists Together Job Board?

Developer Experience

• Developer tooling improvements competitive with modern JavaScript/TypeScript tooling
• Missing parts of the data science stack
• Better documentation of the tools and projects and more tutorials
• Better integration with cljs/scittle/js/typescript - separate cljs compilation too complicated - scittle/squint/cherry with ES6 integration is the way clojurescript support for ESM libraries. It’s crazy the hoops you have to jump through to use ESM with clojurescript, most people probably assume it’s not possible at all because it’s so difficult.
• Closer integration with JavaScript/TypeScript tooling -Seamless integration of cljs/cherry/scittle into the js-ecosystem with live repl and load-file support, standard sente/websocket communication included, standard/default solid telemetry/instrumentation API
• Quicker resolution of outstanding Clojure (JIRA) issues
• Have a official support program to people that focus on promote the language and/or community instead of library maintainers (like GDE from Google, MVP from Microsoft, Github Stars from Github)
• I would encourage “cljc” as a default idiom. The linter could say, “This could be a cljc file!” or “Change this to that and suddenly it would be cljc-compatible”.
• It remains Error Reporting imho, and anyone working on improving it would get my eternal gratitude.
  

What areas of the Clojure ecosystem need support? (select responses)

• “I think something around marketing/evangelism; I have worked on several teams using Clojure/ClojureScript that have had to defend the use of Clojure/ClojureScript against more mainstream JVM/JS languages, and the core issue we’ve run up against is a confluence of the following three items:
  – 1. there are more Kotlin/Scala/TypeScript/Java developers than there are Clojure/ClojureScript developers
  – 2. The salary ranges for those languages tends to be lower than that for Clojure/ClojureScript
  – 3. The greatest benefits to be gained from using Clojure/ClojureScript – systems which are far easier to understand, maintain, and extend, thus accelerating business goals – are exceptionally difficult to quantify.”
• “data.xml – My ticket has been rotting away for 14 months. :) (XML is a core technology at my company.)”
• Repl tooling and setup, more official tutorials and guides. Data validation and schemas.
• Data science, clojure for frontend
• Guides for LLM driven development that don’t invoke huge piles of software just to modify code.
• Growth to new domains and use cases, specifically scientific / academic / teaching
  

Permalink

What’s Next for clojure-mode?

Good news, everyone! clojure-mode 5.22 is out with many small improvements and bug fixes!

While TreeSitter is the future of Emacs major modes, the present remains a bit more murky – not everyone is running a modern Emacs or an Emacs built with TreeSitter support, and many people have asked that “classic” major modes continue to be improved and supported alongside the newer TS-powered modes (in our case – clojure-ts-mode). Your voices have been heard! On Bulgaria’s biggest national holiday (Liberation Day), you can feel liberated from any worries about the future of clojure-mode, as it keeps getting the love and attention that it deserves! Looking at the changelog – 5.22 is one of the biggest releases in the last few years and I hope you’ll enjoy it!¹

Now let me walk you through some of the highlights.

edn-mode Gets Some Love

edn-mode has always been the quiet sibling of clojure-mode – a mode for editing EDN files that was more of an afterthought than a first-class citizen. That changed with 5.21 and the trend continues in 5.22. The mode now has its own dedicated keymap with data-appropriate bindings, meaning it no longer inherits code refactoring commands that make no sense outside of Clojure source files. Indentation has also been corrected – paren lists in EDN are now treated as data (which they are), not as function calls.

Small things, sure, but they add up to a noticeably better experience when you’re editing config files, test fixtures, or any other EDN data.

Font-locking Updated for Clojure 1.12

Font-locking has been updated to reflect Clojure 1.12’s additions – new built-in dynamic variables and core functions are now properly highlighted. The optional clojure-mode-extra-font-locking package covers everything from 1.10 through 1.12, including bundled namespaces and clojure.repl forms.² Some obsolete entries (like specify and specify!) have been cleaned up as well.

On a related note, protocol method docstrings now correctly receive font-lock-doc-face styling, and letfn binding function names get proper font-lock-function-name-face treatment. These are the kind of small inconsistencies that you barely notice until they’re fixed, and then you wonder how you ever lived without them.

Discard Form Styling

A new clojure-discard-face has been added for #_ reader discard forms. By default it inherits from the comment face, so discarded forms visually fade into the background – exactly what you’d expect from code that won’t be read. Of course, you can customize the face to your liking.

Notable Bug Fixes

A few fixes that deserve a special mention:

• clojure-sort-ns no longer corrupts non-sortable forms – previously, sorting a namespace that contained :gen-class could mangle it. That’s fixed now.
• clojure-thread-last-all and line comments – the threading refactoring command was absorbing closing parentheses into line comments. Not anymore.
• clojure-update-ns works again – this one had been quietly broken and is now restored to full functionality.
• clojure-add-arity preserves arglist metadata – when converting from single-arity to multi-arity, metadata on the argument vector is no longer lost.

The Road Ahead

So, what’s actually next for clojure-mode? The short answer is: more of the same. clojure-mode will continue to receive updates, bug fixes, and improvements for the foreseeable future. There is no rush for anyone to switch to clojure-ts-mode, and no plans to deprecate the classic mode anytime soon.

That said, if you’re curious about clojure-ts-mode, its main advantage right now is performance. TreeSitter-based font-locking and indentation are significantly faster than the regex-based approach in clojure-mode. If you’re working with very large Clojure files and noticing sluggishness, it’s worth giving clojure-ts-mode a try. My guess is that most people won’t notice a meaningful difference in everyday editing, but your mileage may vary.

The two modes will coexist for as long as it makes sense. Use whichever one works best for you – they’re both maintained by the same team (yours truly and co) and they both have a bright future ahead of them. At least I hope so!

As usual - big thanks to everyone supporting my Clojure OSS work, especially the members of Clojurists Together! You rock!

That’s all I have for you today. Keep hacking!

Permalink

How To Cleanly Integrate Java and Clojure In The Same Package

A hybrid Java/Clojure library designed to demonstrate how to setup Java interop using Maven

mvn archetype:generate -DgroupId=com.mycompany.app -DartifactId=my-app -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-quickstart -DinteractiveMode=false

cd my-app

mvn package

java -cp target/my-app-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar com.mycompany.app.App

Hello World

mkdir -p src/main/clojure/com/mycompany/app

touch src/main/clojure/com/mycompany/app/core.clj

Give it some goodness…

(ns com.mycompany.app.core
(:gen-class)
(:use (incanter core stats charts)))

(defn -main [& args]
(println "Hello Clojure!")
(println "Java main called clojure function with args: "
(apply str (interpose " " args))))

(defn run []
(view (histogram (sample-normal 1000))))

Notice that we’ve added in the Incanter Library and made a run function to pop up a histogram of sample data

<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.clojure</groupId>
<artifactId>clojure</artifactId>
<version>1.7.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.clojure</groupId>
<artifactId>clojure-contrib</artifactId>
<version>1.2.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>incanter</groupId>
<artifactId>incanter</artifactId>
<version>1.9.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.clojure</groupId>
<artifactId>tools.nrepl</artifactId>
<version>0.2.10</version>
</dependency>
<!-- pick your poison swank or cider. just make sure the version of nRepl matches. -->
<dependency>
<groupId>cider</groupId>
<artifactId>cider-nrepl</artifactId>
<version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>swank-clojure</groupId>
<artifactId>swank-clojure</artifactId>
<version>1.4.3</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>

package com.mycompany.app;

// for clojure's api
import clojure.lang.IFn;
import clojure.java.api.Clojure;

// for my api
import clojure.lang.RT;

public class App
{
public static void main( String[] args )
{

System.out.println("Hello Java!" );

try {

// running my clojure code
RT.loadResourceScript("com/mycompany/app/core.clj");
IFn main = RT.var("com.mycompany.app.core", "main");
main.invoke(args);

// running the clojure api
IFn plus = Clojure.var("clojure.core", "+");
System.out.println(plus.invoke(1, 2).toString());

} catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

}
}

  <plugin>
    <artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<descriptorRefs>
<descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
</descriptorRefs>
<archive>
<manifest>

<!-- use clojure main -->
<!-- <mainClass>com.mycompany.app.core</mainClass> -->

<!-- use java main -->
<mainClass>com.mycompany.app.App</mainClass>

</manifest>
</archive>
</configuration>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>make-assembly</id>
        <phase>package</phase>
        <goals>
<goal>single</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
  </plugin>

  <plugin>
    <groupId>com.theoryinpractise</groupId>
<artifactId>clojure-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>1.7.1</version>
<configuration>
<mainClass>com.mycompany.app.core</mainClass>
</configuration>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>compile-clojure</id>
        <phase>compile</phase>
        <goals>
<goal>compile</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>test-clojure</id>
        <phase>test</phase>
        <goals>
<goal>test</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
  </plugin>

  <plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.3</version>
<configuration><source>1.8</source>
<target>1.8</target>
</configuration>
  </plugin>

  <plugin>
    <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
<artifactId>exec-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>1.4.0</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<goals>
<goal>exec</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
<configuration>
<mainClass>com.mycompany.app.App</mainClass>
</configuration>
  </plugin>

  <plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.6</version>
<configuration>
<archive>
<manifest>

<!-- use clojure main -->
<!-- <mainClass>com.mycompany.app.core</mainClass> -->

<!-- use java main -->
<!-- <mainClass>com.mycompany.app.App</mainClass> -->

</manifest>
</archive>
</configuration>
  </plugin>

mvn package

• Run from cli with
  • run from java entry point:
    
    
    

java -cp target/my-app-1.0-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar com.mycompany.app.App

java -cp target/my-app-1.0-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar com.mycompany.app.core

java -jar target/my-app-1.0-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar

mvn exec:java

mvn exec:java -Dexec.mainClass="com.mycompany.app.App"

mvn exec:java -Dexec.mainClass="com.mycompany.app.core"

-Dexec.args="foo"

mvn clojure:run

mkdir src/test/clojure/com/mycompany/app

touch src/test/clojure/com/mycompany/app/core_test.clj

Add the following content:

(ns com.mycompany.app.core-test
(:require [clojure.test :refer :all]
[com.mycompany.app.core :refer :all]))

(deftest a-test
(testing "Rigourous Test :-)"
(is (= 0 0))))

mvn clojure:test

Or

mvn clojure:test-with-junit

mvn ...

clojure:add-source
clojure:add-test-source
clojure:compile
clojure:test
clojure:test-with-junit
clojure:run
clojure:repl
clojure:nrepl
clojure:swank
clojure:nailgun
clojure:gendoc
clojure:autodoc
clojure:marginalia

See documentation:

touch project.clj

Add this content

(defproject my-sandbox "1.0-SNAPSHOT"
:description "My Encanter Project"
:url "http://joelholder.com"
:license {:name "Eclipse Public License"
:url "http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html"}
:dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.7.0"]
[incanter "1.9.0"]]
:main com.mycompany.app.core
:source-paths ["src/main/clojure"]
:java-source-paths ["src/main/java"]
:test-paths ["src/test/clojure"]
:resource-paths ["resources"]
:aot :all)

Note that we’ve set the source code and test paths for both java and clojure to match the maven-way of doing this.

This gives us a consistent way of hooking the code from both lein and mvn. Additionally, I’ve added the incanter library here. The dependency should be expressed in the project file, because when we run nRepl from this directory, we want it to be available in our namespace, i.e. com.mycompany.app.core

lein run

lein test

#+begin_src clojure :tangle ./src/main/clojure/com/mycompany/app/core.clj :results output 
  (-main)
  (run)
#+end_src

(-main)
(run)

Hello Clojure!
Java main called clojure function with args:

Note that we ran both our main and run functions here. -main prints out the text shown above. The run function actually opens the incanter java image viewer and shows us a picture of our graph.

I have purposefully not invested in styling these graphs in order to keep the code examples simple and focussed, however incanter makes really beautiful output. Here’s a link to get you started:

http://incanter.org/

(use '(incanter core charts pdf))
;;; Create the x and y data:
(def x-data [0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0])
(def y-data [2.3 9.0 2.6 3.1 8.1 4.5])
(def xy-line (xy-plot x-data y-data))
(view xy-line)
(save-pdf xy-line "img/incanter-xy-line.pdf")
(save xy-line "img/incanter-xy-line.png")

PNG

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Codex in the REPL

As I started using coding agents more, development got faster in general. But as usually happens, when some roadblocks disappear, other inconveniences become more visible and annoying. Yeah… this time it was Clojure startup time.

In one of my bigger projects, the Defold editor, lein test can spend 10 to 30 seconds loading namespaces to run a test that itself takes less than a second. This is fine when you run a full test suite, but painful for agent-driven iteration. And yes, I know about Improving Dev Startup Time, and no, it does not help enough.

While it would be nice to improve startup time, it would be even better for an agent to actually use the REPL-driven development workflow that Clojure is designed for. Agents won’t naturally do it unless nudged in the right direction. So today I took the time to set it up, and I’m so happy with it that I want to share the experience!

The Setup

To make an agent use RDD, it needs to find a REPL, send a form to it, and get a result back. Doing that is surprisingly easy: one convention for discovery, one tiny script, and one skill prompt.

1. Start a discoverable REPL in project context

The important part is discoverability. I prefer to use socket REPLs, but I don’t want to pass ports around; the agent should find a running REPL by itself.

To do that, I added a Leiningen injection in a :user profile that:

• starts clojure.core.server REPL on a random port
• writes the port into .repls/pid-{process-pid}.port in the current directory used to start a Leiningen project
• ensures .repls/.gitignore exists and ignores everything in that directory
• removes the port file on JVM exit

This makes it easy to discover the REPLs programmatically while keeping git clean.

2. Add a script that evaluates forms through that REPL

To find the port, I vibe-coded an eval.sh script that:

• looks for port files in .repls to find a running REPL
• sends one or more Clojure forms to a running REPL using nc
• prints a friendly message when no REPL is running

The implementation is trivial, so there is no point in sharing it here. The idea is what matters: find the port in a known location and pipe input forms to the REPL server.

3. Teach Codex to use it by default for Clojure work

I added a Codex skill that points to this script and includes common patterns, such as:

Evaluating in a namespace

./eval.sh '(in-ns (quote clojure.string)) (join "," [1 2 3])'

Running tests in-process

./eval.sh '(binding [clojure.test/*test-out* *out*] (clojure.test/run-tests (quote test-ns)))'

Some general advice

Iterate in small steps, etc. You know the drill.

Findings

First of all, agentic engineering got noticeably faster. With a warm REPL, Codex can run many small checks while iterating on code.

But what impressed me more is that it was actually quite capable of using the REPL to iterate in a running VM. For example, when it wanted to check a non-trivial invariant in a function it was working on, it used fuzzing to generate many examples to see whether the implementation worked as expected. That was cool and useful! I don’t typically do that in the REPL myself.

Turns out Codex can do REPL-driven development quite well!

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Composable Plotting in Clojure

Building a composable plotting API in Clojure, from views and layers to scatterplot matrices

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Clojure + NumPy Interop: The 2026 Guide to Hybrid Machine Learning Pipelines

Why choose just one – JVM stability or NumPy’s speed- when it is actually possible to have both?

Using modern interop tools such as libpython‑clj, developers can integrate Clojure’s machine-learning capabilities with Python’s extensive ecosystem without incurring unnecessary overhead. Teams can now perform numerical computing in Clojure while leveraging the full power of NumPy’s C extensions for vectorization, broadcasting, and linear algebra.

When teams directly import NumPy arrays into the Clojure workflows, they get the best of both worlds: Clojure’s functional style and concurrency, plus NumPy’s raw performance. For teams developing AI software, this just makes sense. It is a smoother path to scalable, production-ready software solutions- without having to compromise.

The Interop Landscape

libpython‑clj: The Gold Standard

If developers want Clojure and Python to work together, libpython-clj sets the bar. They get direct access to NumPy, SciPy, and Scikit‑learn without extra layers or complications. Thanks to zero-copy memory mapping, data moves between the JVM and CPython without a hitch. Developers won’t waste time converting data in both directions.

Flexiana has strong expertise in connecting Clojure and Python for machine learning, and several detailed case studies demonstrate how libpython-clj enables teams to use major tools such as NumPy, SciPy, and scikit-learn in production environments. What stands out is how these examples show that developers do not have to choose between Python’s fast research ecosystem and Clojure’s rock-solid stability—they can leverage the strengths of both. This balanced approach helps teams build scalable, production-ready software solutions for real-world projects.

tech.ml.dataset: Clojure’s Pandas Alternative

If developers want to handle data directly in Clojure, tech.ml.dataset is the go-to option. It is the closest thing to Pandas on the JVM. The best part? It plugs straight into libpython-clj, allowing data transfer between the JVM and CPython without extra copies. Teams can use Clojure to prepare and manage their datasets before sending them to NumPy for intensive computational tasks.

Pandas vs. tech.ml.dataset

Neanderthal: Native Clojure Numerics

Does it not require Python? Neanderthal is a powerhouse for numerical computing in Clojure. It is fast- built on BLAS and LAPACK, and if teams want GPU action, it connects to CUDA and OpenCL. Neanderthal needs direct GPU access without Python; it runs well in the JVM.

Comparison: NumPy vs. Clojure Native Numerics

This table shows the trade‑offs clearly:

NumPy interop is a good choice if teams already work in Python and want access to its machine learning libraries. Neanderthal is better when teams need maximum speed, GPU acceleration, and want to stay fully inside the JVM.

Setting Up Clojure‑NumPy Environment

deps.edn Setup

To begin with, add libpython-clj to the deps.edn file. That is the bridge between Clojure machine learning and Python’s numerical stack.

{:deps {clj-python/libpython-clj {:mvn/version "2.024"}}}

Now, double-check where Python is installed on the system. Clojure requires a path to load libraries such as NumPy. Developers need to point to their Python interpreter or virtual environment.

REPL Integration

Once developers have configured the dependencies, they can import Python libraries directly into their REPL. 

(require-python '[numpy :as np])

;; Simple demo
(def arr (np/array [1 2 3 4]))
(np/sum arr)  ;; => 10

This quick example shows how developers can create a NumPy array and run a few operations, all from Clojure. It’s proof that NumPy interop works smoothly and that AI software development gets the ideal combination: Python’s speed with Clojure’s structure.

Zero‑Copy Magic

Here’s where things get really interesting. With tech.v3.dataset, you can move data between the JVM and CPython without making extra copies. This is called zero‑copy integration. 

• No messing around with serialization, no wasted time.
• Just prepare your data in Clojure.
• Transfer it to NumPy for heavy numerical processing, then continue.

This setup makes Clojure a real contender for numerical computing. Developers are not merely connecting two languages. They are building scalable software solutions that can handle complex, real-world tasks.

Building a Hybrid ML Pipeline

Step ❶: Data Preparation

Use Clojure’s sequence functions for ETL. They make cleaning and shaping data pretty effortless. 

• Just grab the map, filter, and reduce to process raw data. 
• When developers need proper tables, add tech.ml.dataset into the combination. 
• Continue using Clojure for data transformations until the data is ready for heavy numerical computation.  

Step ❷: Numerical Crunching

Transfer the ready-made data to NumPy and let Python do the math.

• Vectorization runs operations across whole arrays.
• Broadcasting helps when arrays do not match in shape. 
• Need matrix multiplication or decomposition? NumPy takes care of all the usual linear algebra work.  

👉 Check out the NumPy official docs for more details.

Step ❸: Model Integration

Once the data is ready, load models from Scikit‑learn or PyTorch.

• Train or load them in Python as needed. 
• For inference, use libpython‑clj to call Python directly from Clojure.
• Return results to the JVM for use in production or reporting processes.

Clojure maintains deployment stability, while Python’s ML ecosystem manages the models.

Why It Matters

The pipeline uses Clojure and Python, where they work best. Teams get: 

• Clojure’s organized data processing.
• Python’s high-powered numerical computing.
• The JVM’s stability in the backend. 

Developers can scale their software while leveraging the best features of both languages.

Benefits of the “Clojure + NumPy” Approach

✔️ REPL‑Driven Experimentation (Try Ideas Instantly)  

Clojure’s REPL makes coding fast- write, change, and run code on the spot. That loop makes it easy to test ideas. In AI software development, where teams often need to experiment extensively, that speed makes a difference. Sharing snippets and testing together keeps work moving. It is simply a smoother way to work, especially when everyone is collaborating to solve tough problems.

✔️ Functional Integrity (Stay Functional and Clean)

Python’s math libraries often change developers’ data in place, which can lead to unexpected side effects. With Clojure for machine learning, they can integrate NumPy into a functional workflow. Their data remains predictable, functions do not modify the external state, and debugging becomes less painful. They spend less time chasing weird bugs or wondering why their output changed. What is the end result for teams working on numerical computing in Clojure? Code is clean, pipelines are stable, and growth is easier.

✔️ Enterprise Scaling with Clojure Concurrency (Scale Up Without Slowing Down)

On the JVM, Clojure manages heavy workloads with real concurrency. Combine with NumPy interop to speed up numerical computations, and teams get an environment that can handle huge datasets without slowing down. Flexiana has seen real drops in latency when they combine JVM concurrency with NumPy’s speed in their ML pipelines. It is not just about raw speed- this setup lets teams scale up confidently, with the assurance their system won’t fail when the load grows.

✔️ Balanced Strengths (Best of Both Worlds)

Clojure handles concurrency and orchestration. It also handles enterprise tasks. NumPy manages the math work. Together, they produce an accurate and efficient pipeline. Developers get both performance and stability, so they don’t have to choose. If the team needs to manage distributed workloads while handling heavy numeric processing, this approach works well. Tools like libpython-clj1 tie everything together, making integration feel seamless. It is a solid way to build hybrid systems that actually last.

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

Mismanaging Memory Between JVM and Python

Data coordination between Clojure and Python is challenging. If teams are not paying attention, they will end up copying large datasets multiple times, wasting memory and slowing everything down.

How to avoid it: Go for zero-copy integration whenever possible, using tools like libpython-clj1 or tech.ml.dataset. Do as much as teams can in Clojure, and only bring in NumPy when it is really needed for that speed. Always monitor memory usage when dealing with large arrays.

Overusing Interop Calls (performance hit)

Interop is great, but there is an overhead involved. When developers repeatedly call Python functions from Clojure in a tight loop- thousands of times- performance drops drastically.

How to avoid it: Batch the work. Push large chunks of data to NumPy and allow it to process the calculations. Keep the control flow in Clojure and cut down on all those frequent back-and-forth calls.

Ignoring Concurrency Design

Clojure runs on the JVM, which indicates it is built for concurrency. But if teams forget to design for it, workloads jam up. Python’s GIL limits running things in parallel on the Python side.

How to avoid it: To handle concurrent processes, rely on Clojure’s concurrency tools- atoms, refs, agents, and futures. Let Python focus on numerical computation, while Clojure runs the show and scales things up. It helps to avoid running into the GIL’s roadblocks.

Not Testing Startup/Deployment Properly

Interop setups tend to fail when a developer moves from the laptops to production- wrong paths, missing dependencies, corrupted environments. On-site equipment might suddenly fail at other locations.

How to avoid it: Test the startup scripts. Ensure the Python interpreter is configured correctly, with automated CI/CD checks to quickly identify issues.

Driving Results Through Engineering Excellence

Speed of Development  

Clojure brings everything together smoothly. It consolidates the entire pipeline into one place without creating confusion. Developers can connect Python libraries, JVM tools, and their own logic pretty fast- no mountains of boilerplate, just straight to the real problems. And with the REPL, Developers are not stuck waiting for long builds. Quick adjustments and tests keep projects on track.

Maintainability  

Clojure sticks to a functional style, so the code stays clean, and the data flows in a way that actually makes sense. Side effects remain under control. When your pipeline gets bigger, you spot bugs early, and resolving them doesn’t become a hassle. New people can jump in and understand what’s happening without getting confused, which makes onboarding much easier. Bottom line: fewer nasty surprises, easier upkeep.

Long‑Term Stability  

The JVM has been around forever, and people trust it. Years of tweaking, monitoring, and deploying mean it just works. NumPy runs efficiently, so systems scale up and handle heavy loads with ease. It remains fast and stable as workloads increase.

Team Collaboration  

The REPL makes small changes easy to test. Fast result sharing keeps everyone in sync. Teams scale with ease thanks to clear feedback that shows changes.

Integration Flexibility  

Clojure connects easily to Python, Java, and JVM tools. It plays nicely with the enterprise tools that teams already have, and they still get access to Python’s whole ML world. Teams arenot required to choose sides- they can use what works best from both. They get the freedom to bring in new tools without breaking what is already working.

❓ Quick Answers to Common Questions

Performance and Reliability

Q1: Does libpython‑clj make code slow?  

Not really. The primary slowdown stems from repeatedly switching between Clojure and Python. For heavy numerical stuff, that extra cost barely matters compared to how fast NumPy runs.

Q2: Can I use this in production?  

Absolutely. Real-world teams rely on it for JVM reliability and Python’s ML strength. Test startup and deployment the same way you test other tools.

Q3: How is memory usage?  

Both the JVM and Python consume resources. Pay attention to memory, especially if you’re working with huge datasets.

Q4: Is libpython-clj still maintained?

Indeed. The Clojure community ensures compatibility with the latest versions of Python and keeps it up to date.

Concurrency and Scaling

Q1: What about the Python GIL?  

Python code still runs under the Global Interpreter Lock. Clojure handles concurrency separately, so workloads scale, whereas Python handles concurrency internally.

Q2: Does it support parallel workloads?  

Yes. Clojure gives you concurrency tools like atoms, refs, agents, and futures, all running on the JVM, which is built for scale. Python handles numerical processing.

Integration and Flexibility

Q1: Does it support GPU acceleration?  

While Python libraries such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, and CuPy support GPU acceleration, libpython-clj itself is only an interop layer and neither enables nor restricts GPU usage.

Q2: Is it compatible with virtual environments?  

Yes. Set libpython-clj to your Python virtual environment to keep dependencies simple.

Q3: Can I mix and match multiple Python libraries?  

Yes. Import and use any Python library you want, just like you would in Python. Clojure ties everything together.

Developer Experience

Q1: How difficult is debugging?  

Quite simple. Errors show up directly in Clojure, and the REPL makes it easy to try code in small steps.

Q2:Does the REPL help collaboration?  

Definitely. The REPL makes quick tests easy, and results are simple to share.

Shaping the Future of Hybrid ML

Trends in Hybrid ML Pipelines.

Hybrid ML pipelines are gaining popularity quickly. Teams want the dependable stability from the JVM, but they are not willing to give up Python’s powerhouse ML libraries. So, rather than choosing one, an increasing number of projects use both. Combining them makes it way easier to scale up, keep things running smoothly, and adjust quickly as the workload changes.

Growing Role of Interop Tools Like libpython‑clj1.

Interop tools like libpython-clj1 are no longer just for experimentation. These days, libpython-clj1 is the go-to for integrating Clojure and Python in real production code. Developers can import NumPy, SciPy, or Scikit-learn right from Clojure- no awkward workarounds. As more teams join, tools like this are becoming the backbone of hybrid pipelines.

Potential Improvements in Zero‑Copy Integration.

Zero-copy integration is already a game-changer. Eliminating data duplication saves time and memory. Looking ahead, there is room to further improve it. Think faster pipelines, better support for huge datasets, smoother GPU acceleration, and handling complicated data structures without the usual headaches. All this will further reduce overhead and make everything feel almost effortless.

Where Flexiana Sees Hybrid ML Heading in 2026 and Beyond.

At Flexiana, we have seen hybrid ML pipelines move out of the “experimental” corner and take center stage for big companies. Here is where things are headed by 2026 and beyond:

• Teams will see hybrid ML everywhere- finance, healthcare, retail, and more.
• Cloud-native integration will become more integrated.
• Teams will prioritize maintainability and stability over short-term speed.
• Hybrid setups will be the default, not just a backup plan.

The direction is clear: Hybrid ML pipelines are not a passing trend. They are the new normal, enabling developers to leverage the best tools from both worlds and get things done.

Final Thoughts 

Clojure machine learning brings the rock-solid reliability of the JVM, while NumPy offers that raw speed Python’s known for to process numerical data. Combine them, and developers get a hybrid ML pipeline that does not force them to choose between stability and performance. With tools like libpython-clj1, moving data between the two just works. Team can access enterprise-level concurrency and fast numerical work at the same time- no compromises, especially if teams are pushing the limits of numerical computing in Clojure.

Bringing these strengths together enables teams to move faster in AI software development, test new ideas without getting stuck, and keep their codebase clean and scalable as their needs grow. It is a practical setup- flexible, efficient, and ready to handle whatever real-world demands come their way.

If you are ready to kick off your own hybrid ML pipeline, Flexiana can help you blend JVM reliability with NumPy speed. Let’s get started.

The post Clojure + NumPy Interop: The 2026 Guide to Hybrid Machine Learning Pipelines appeared first on Flexiana.

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Why Gaiwan Loves the Predictive Power of Universal Conventions

A one-stop-shop for your entire dev environment: bin/launchpad

Close to four years ago we released Launchpad, a tool which has been indispensible in our daily dev workflow ever since. In the latest Clojure Survey, over 85% of respondents indicated "The REPL / Interactive Development" is important for them. We already explained at length in our Why Clojure what exactly we mean when we say "Interactive Development", and why it is so important.

In order to do Interactive Development, you need a live process to interact with, connected to your editor or IDE. This is where Launchpad comes in. It focuses on doing one thing well: starting that Clojure process for you to interact with, with all the bits and bobs that make for a pleasant and productive environment. It&aposs a simple idea, and we&aposve heard from numerous people how it has made their life easier. But not everyone seems to get it.

Ovi Stoica has been doing great work on ShipClojure, and as part of that work he created leinpad, a Launchpad for Leiningen users. It&aposs been very validating to see people pick up these same ideas and run with them. Launchpad is for Clojure CLI only, we switched away from Leiningen as soon as the official CLI came out in 2018 and never looked back. Leiningen vs Clojure CLI is perhaps a topic we can dig into in another newsletter, but needless to say it&aposs good to see a Launchpad alternative for people still using Leiningen, by need or by choice.

The Leinpad release announcement sparked some interesting discussion on Clojurians Slack, going back to some of the Launchpad design decisions. Launchpad strongly recommends that people create a bin/launchpad script, just like we also recommend that people create a bin/kaocha script to invoke the Kaocha test runner. In both cases there are two related reasons why we feel strongly about this. We want both of these to become universal conventions, so that when you start working on a Clojure project for the first time, you can safely assume that bin/kaocha runs your tests, and bin/launchpad starts your development process. In any project you can put something in that location that does that job, regardless of your stack and setup. It&aposs a form of late binding, and it means a new hire doesn&apost need to pore over the README, or worse, ask around, to know how they&aposre supposed to run the tests or run a dev environment.

Each time people instead decide they prefer bb run launchpad, or clj -X:kaocha, or any other variant, they break the predictive power of that convention. They muddy the water for everyone. This is why we resisted a -X style entrypoint for Kaocha, despite later accepting a community contribution that implements one. A convention is only as powerful as its adoption rate.

Besides being a convention, it&aposs also a place where you can customize the Launchpad (or Kaocha) behavior. For Launchpad this is especially important because the goal for the bin/launchpad script is to be a one-stop-shop for your entire dev environment. That can mean installing npm packages, running docker containers, loading stub data, anything you need so that a new contributor can arrive, run bin/launchpad, and be productive.

Recently a team member had trouble running Launchpad because their babashka version was out of date. They reached for the tool they usually use when confronted with "works on my machine" issues: Nix. Nix ensures a reproducible environment, where everyone is using the exact same versions and packages. It&aposs like tools.deps but for system software, and solves some of the issues around Phantom Dependencies.

This meant replacing the bb shebang with nix-shell. This shows the power of a filesystem convention like bin/launchpad. The facade stays the same, but what&aposs under the covers is now radically different.

-#!/usr/bin/env bb
+#!/usr/bin/env nix-shell
+#! nix-shell -i bb -p babashka
+#! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/refs/tags/25.11.tar.gz

Later on I introduced GStreamer to the project, to support multimedia playback. This too is (partially) a system dependency, and some people on the team struggled to get it working. In this case I was able to build on the nix-shell approach, adding the additional dependencies. So instead of adding a section to the README that explains how to either brew or apt install gstreamer, I added the necessary bits to our one-stop-shop. And all the while it&aposs still just bin/launchpad. I&aposd love to see a cultural shift where we no longer accept ten steps of outdated instructions in a README just to get a dev environment. Dev tooling is part of our job, and we do ourselves, our team members, and our employers an injustice by treating it with any less care than we give to the customer facing bits of our software.

#tea-break

At Gaiwan we share interesting reads and resources in our #tea-break channel.

EU Tech Map and European Alternatives: We care about EU&aposs software rebellion to move away from American companies and doing things in-house, supporting OSS, etc. It also sets a benchmark and a path for other countries to follow.

The job losses are real — but the AI excuse is fake by David Gerard. Layoffs are done for economic reasons, but blamed on AI because that sounds better, and meanwhile the whole situation is used to get people to accept lower job offers. What&aposs your experience with this?

An AI Agent Published a Hit Piece on Me by Scott Shambaugh. In case you haven&apost seen it already, this is 🤯

One or more of us is considering this really cool open source Linux device, by an Indian team. And not as expensive as you might have thought. (We are not compensated for writing about this Kickstarter project; we really just think it&aposs cool.) So many devices, so little time...

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Week Notes 2026.09

Datastar and Clojure, the ethics of generative AI, and working with GitLab encrypted OpenTofu state.

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The Rest of the Story: February Edition - JVM Weekly vol. 164

This time we have plenty of material: from a fascinating interview with Kotlin’s creator, through a groundbreaking change in Minecraft, to a whole wave of new projects proving that Java UI is in much better shape than anyone would expect. Let’s dive in!

1. February: The Rest of the Story

Gergely Orosz on his Pragmatic Engineer podcast conducted an extensive interview with Andrey Breslav, the creator of Kotlin and founder of CodeSpeak. The conversation is a goldmine of little-known facts about Kotlin’s history - for example, that the first version of Kotlin wasn’t a compiler but an IDE plugin, that the initial team consisted mainly of fresh graduates, or that smart casts were inspired by the obscure language Gosu.

But the most interesting thread concerns the future. Breslav is now building CodeSpeak - a new programming language designed to reduce boilerplate by replacing trivial code with concise natural language descriptions. The motivation? Keeping humans in control of the software development cycle in the age of LLM agents. As he put it - in the future, engineers will still be building complex systems, and it’s worth remembering that, even if Twitter is trying to convince us otherwise (heh).

Moderne announced that their OpenRewrite platform - known primarily in the Java ecosystem as a tool for automatic code refactoring - officially now supports Python. Python code can now be parsed, analyzed, and transformed alongside Java and JavaScript within the same Lossless Semantic Tree (LST).

Why does this matter for us JVM folks? Because modern systems rarely evolve in isolation. A Java service might expose an API consumed by a Python integration, a shared dependency might appear in backend services, frontend tooling, and automation scripts. With Python in the LST, dependency upgrades can be coordinated in a single campaign across multiple languages.

An interesting extension to the mission of one of the JVM ecosystem’s most important tools.

Igor Souza wrote a fun article celebrating the 40th anniversary of Legend of Zelda, comparing the triangle of performance improvements in Java 25 to the legendary Triforce. The analogy connects three key improvements: optimized class caching (AOT caching) for faster startup, Compact Object Headers for more efficient memory use, and garbage collection improvements. Java “Power, Wisdom, Courage” - genuinely a lovely connection with gaming lore.

Maybe not my favourite series, but I had a lot of fun with some of the editon. Happy Birthday, Link!

Continuing the video games related topics, big news from the gamedev side of JVM - Mojang announced that Minecraft Java Edition is switching from OpenGL to Vulkan as part of the upcoming “Vibrant Visuals” update. This is a massive change for one of the most popular games written in Java. The goal is both visual improvements and better performance. Mojang confirmed that the game will still support macOS and Linux (on macOS through a translation layer, since Apple doesn’t natively support Vulkan).

Interestingly, this is probably the first Java game to use Vulkan. Modders should start preparing for the migration - moving away from OpenGL will require more effort than a typical update. Snapshots with Vulkan alongside OpenGL are expected “sometime in summer,” with the ability to switch between them until things stabilize.

PS: I started to introduce my daughter to Minecraft ❤️ Fun time.

JetBrains announced that starting from version 2026.1 EAP, IntelliJ-based IDEs will run natively on Wayland by default. This is a significant step, particularly since Wayland has become the default display server in most modern Linux distributions.

One small difference in practice - the startup splash screen won’t be displayed, because it can’t be reliably centered on Wayland.

Positioning things is one of the hardest things in IT.

Bruno Borges published a practical guide on configuring JDK 25 for GitHub Copilot Coding Agent - the ephemeral GitHub Actions environment where the agent builds code and runs tests. By default, the agent uses the pre-installed Java version on the runner, which can lead to failed builds if the project requires newer features. The solution? A dedicated copilot-setup-steps workflow with actions/setup-java.

Short, concrete, and useful if you’re starting to experiment with coding agents in Java projects.

SkillsJars is a new project showcased on the Coffee + Software livestream (Josh Long, DaShaun Carter, James Ward ) - a registry and distribution platform for Agent Skills via... Maven Central.

The idea is simple and simultaneously crazy in the best possible way: Agent Skills (the SKILL.md format introduced by Anthropic for Claude Code, also adopted by OpenAI Codex) are modular packages of instructions, scripts, and resources that extend AI agent capabilities - e.g., a skill for creating .docx documents, debugging via JDB, or building MCP servers. SkillsJars packages these skills as JAR artifacts and publishes them on Maven Central under the com.skillsjars group, with full support for Maven, Gradle, and sbt.

The catalog already includes a Spring Boot 4.x skill (best practices, project structure, configuration), an agentic JDB debugger by Bruno Borges, a browser automation skill (browser-use), and official Anthropic skills for creating presentations, PDFs, frontend design, and building MCP servers. Anyone can publish their own skill - just point it to a GitHub repo.

Maven Central as a package manager for agentic AI - we truly live in interesting times.

Johannes Bechberger from the SapMachine team at SAP created a fun quiz where you have to guess the minimum Java version required from a code snippet. Over 30 years, Java added generics, lambdas, pattern matching, records... and it turns out most of us can’t precisely recall which feature arrived in which version.

A perfect way to kill five minutes over coffee (or an hour, if you’re as nerdy as I am).

If you think it’s too easy... I dare you to try Java Alpha version with alpha features 😉

Akamas published an analysis of the state of Java on Kubernetes based on thousands of JVMs in production.

The findings? Despite it being 2026, most Java workloads on K8s run with default settings that actively hurt performance. 60% of JVMs have no Garbage Collector configured, most heap settings are at defaults, and a significant portion of pods run with less than 1 CPU or less than 1 GiB RAM - which is a serious bottleneck for Java’s multi-threaded architecture. An old problem, but the data is striking.

PS: Ergonomic Profiles was always a great Idea IMHO.

JetBrains released an extension for Visual Studio Code that enables converting Java files to Kotlin. The converter (J2K) uses the same engine as IntelliJ IDEA. Just open a .java file, right-click, and select “Convert to Kotlin.”

An interesting move - JetBrains clearly wants the Kotlin ecosystem to expand beyond their own IDE.

Robin Tegg, whose piece on Java UI landed in the newsletter two weeks ago, created an awesome page - a comprehensive guide to Java UI frameworks, from desktop (JavaFX, Swing, Compose Desktop) through web (Vaadin, HTMX, Thymeleaf) to terminal (TamboUI, JLine, Lanterna). The motivation? Frustration with outdated articles referencing dead libraries. The result is the best single source of knowledge on the current state of Java UI in 2026.

If anyone tells you “you can’t do UI in Java” - send them this link.

Scala Survey 2026 - VirtusLab and the Scala Center have launched their annual community survey, and if you’re using Scala in any capacity, your 5 minutes can directly shape the language’s roadmap, library ecosystem, and tooling priorities. The survey evaluates Scala adoption patterns, pain points, and what the community actually needs - and the results have historically influenced real decisions about where development effort goes.

Take the survey here. Whether you’re a daily Scala developer or someone who occasionally dips into the ecosystem, your perspective matters. That’s unique possibility to shape the language

To wrap this section - 100 most-watched presentations from Java conferences in 2025 is a solid list to catch up on. And the article on 10 modern Java features that let you write 50% less code is a good refresher, especially for those who are mentally stuck on Java 8.

2. Release Radar

Quarkus 3.31

Quarkus 3.31 is a major release that arrived after a two-month gap since the last feature release. The headline addition is full Java 25 support, but the changelog is genuinely impressive. New Panache Next - the next generation of the Panache layer with improved developer experience for Hibernate ORM and Hibernate Reactive. Upgrade to Hibernate ORM 7.2 and Reactive 3.2. Support for Hibernate Spatial. Upgrade to Testcontainers 2 and JUnit 6 (yes, JUnit 6!). New quarkus Maven packaging with a dedicated lifecycle. On top of that: security annotations on Jakarta Data repositories, OIDC token encryption, OAuth 2.0 Pushed Authorization Requests, headless AWT on Windows for native images, and much more. Requires Maven 3.9.0+.

Release Notes

Eclipse GlassFish 8.0

GlassFish 8, released February 5th, is the first production-ready implementation of the full Jakarta EE 11 platform. The release, led by the OmniFish team, brings support for virtual threads in HTTP thread pools and managed executors, an implementation of Jakarta Data (repositories for working with both JPA entities and Jakarta NoSQL entities), and a new version of Jakarta Security with more flexible authentication options. Integration with MicroProfile 7.1 (Config, JWT, REST Client, Health). Requires JDK 21 as a minimum, supports JDK 25. Led by Arjan Tijms, Ondro Mihályi, and David Matějček, GlassFish is returning as a serious production option.

Release Notes

Open Liberty 26.0.0.1

Open Liberty 26.0.0.1 is the first release of IBM’s application server in the new year - a transition from the 25.x branch to 26.x. The main addition is log throttling - a mechanism for automatically suppressing repeated log messages that simply didn’t exist in Liberty before. Throttling is enabled by default: Liberty tracks each messageID using a sliding window and after 1000 repetitions within five minutes begins suppressing messages, logging an appropriate warning. Throttling can be configured at the messageID or full message level (throttleType), and limits can be changed (throttleMaxMessagesPerWindow) - or disabled entirely by setting the limit to 0.

Security fixes include a patch for XSS (CVE-2025-12635, CVSS 5.4), issues with wlp password key decoding, and a NullPointerException in SocketRWChannelSelector. Two new guides on observability with OpenTelemetry and Grafana were also added.

Worth noting: the beta is developing a Model Context Protocol Server feature (mcpServer-1.0) - allowing Liberty application business logic to be exposed as tools for AI agents. Beta 26.0.0.2 has already added role-based authorization and async support. MCP in a Jakarta EE application server - now that’s an interesting combination.

Release Notes

BoxLang 1.9.0

BoxLang 1.9.0 announced as “production-ready” - a release focused on stability, with over 50 bug fixes, improved datasource lifecycle management (eliminating connection leaks), and better context management (eliminating memory leaks).

But what exactly is BoxLang? It’s a modern, dynamically typed JVM language from Ortus Solutions — a company well known in the ColdFusion world for the ColdBox framework and CommandBox tooling. BoxLang is essentially an answer to the question “what if we took the best ideas from CFML, Python, Kotlin, and Clojure, and built it from scratch on a modern JVM?” The language is 100% interoperable with Java, uses invokedynamic for performance, and its runtime weighs just ~6 MB. Interestingly, BoxLang has a dual parser — it can natively run existing ColdFusion/CFML code without modification, which is critical for migrations from Adobe ColdFusion or Lucee (and is also Ortus’s primary business model).

The project’s ambitions are broad — BoxLang targets multi-runtime deployment: from classic web servers, through AWS Lambda, to iOS, Android, and WebAssembly. The project is open source (Apache 2.0), with commercial BoxLang+ and BoxLang++ plans for enterprise support. Ortus also announced a cloud-native version at $5/month — a clear signal they’re trying to move beyond the ColdFusion niche and compete more broadly in the dynamic JVM language space.

Release Notes

Apache NetBeans 29

Apache NetBeans 29 - released February 23rd, so completely fresh. Under the hood there’s plenty of substance: Gradle Tooling API upgraded to 9.3.0, bundled Maven updated to 3.9.12, Ant bumped to 1.10.15. On the Java side — performance fixes for Find Usages and refactoring, better support for import module (keyword highlighting), fixed form designer.

Notably, NetBeans is already being tested on JDK 26-ea and sets --sun-misc-unsafe-memory-access=warn (JEP 498) — clearly laying the groundwork for upcoming changes to sun.misc.Unsafe access. The IDE supports running on JDK 25, 21, or 17, with preliminary support for JDK 26. Refactoring problem propagation to LSP clients has also been improved — NetBeans continues developing its role as a Language Server backend, not just a classic IDE.

Release Notes

Ktor 3.4.0

Ktor 3.4.0 - a new version of the Kotlin framework for building asynchronous HTTP servers and clients. A stability-focused release, but with several noteworthy additions. Most important: OpenAPI documentation generation from code — a new compiler plugin combined with the describe API lets you build a Swagger model dynamically, directly from the routing tree. No more manually maintaining static OpenAPI files that drift out of sync with the code.

Also added: Zstd compression support (Facebook’s algorithm offering an excellent compression-to-speed ratio) in the new ktor-server-compression-zstd module, duplex streaming for the OkHttp engine (simultaneous sending and receiving over HTTP/2), and a new HttpRequestLifecycle plugin - allowing in-flight requests to be automatically cancelled when a client disconnects. The last one is a nod to structured concurrency: a client disconnection cascades to cancel the coroutine handling the request along with all launch/async children, making resource management for long-running operations considerably cleaner. Currently works with Netty and CIO engines.

Release Notes

3. Github All-Stars

Krema - Tauri, but in Java

Krema is probably the most interesting new project in this edition. For those who know Tauri from the Rust ecosystem - Krema is its Java equivalent. Lightweight, native desktop applications using the system webview instead of a bundled Chromium. Backend in Java, frontend in React/Vue/Angular/Svelte, communication through a type-safe IPC bridge.

Key features: system webview (WebKit on macOS, WebView2 on Windows, WebKitGTK on Linux); native communication via Project Panama (Foreign Function & Memory API from Java 25) - no JNI, annotate Java methods with @KremaCommand and call them from the frontend with full type safety, plugin system (SQLite, WebSocket, file upload, window positioning, autostart), native packaging with GraalVM or as a JAR.

The project looks well thought-out, and if it develops, it could be a game-changer for desktop apps in Java.

TamboUI - Terminal UI for Java, finally taken seriously

TamboUI announced by Cédric Champeau (known from Gradle and Micronaut) and Max Rydahl Andersen (JBang, Red Hat ) - a modern Terminal UI framework for Java. It was born from the observation that Rust has Ratatui, Go has Bubbletea, Python has Textual - and Java? System.out.println and prayers.

TamboUI offers a multi-level API: from low-level widget primitives (like Ratatui), through a managed TUI with event handling, up to a declarative Toolkit DSL that handles the event loop and rendering thread for you. Immediate-mode rendering, constraint-based layout, CSS support, PicoCLI integration, multiple backends (JLine, Aesh, Panama).

And most importantly - full GraalVM native image compatibility, making Java a serious player in terminal tooling with low memory usage and fast startup. Core works on Java 8+, but it’s most enjoyable with modern Java idioms.

JADEx - Null Safety for Java Without Changing the Language

JADEx (Java Annotation-Driven Extensions) is an approach to null safety in Java through annotations and compile-time processing - without waiting for Valhalla or a language spec change. The discussion on r/java shows the topic is still very much alive, with demand for pragmatic solutions.

JOpus - Wrapper for the Opus Codec

JOpus is a high-performance Java wrapper for the Opus audio codec. Opus (not the one you might be thinking of) is an open audio format that excels at VoIP, streaming, and gaming - and is now easily accessible from the JVM.

ChartX - OpenGL Charting Library

ChartX is a library for creating hardware-accelerated charts using OpenGL. An interesting technology choice given that Minecraft is moving to Vulkan - but if you need performant, hardware-accelerated visualizations in Java, worth a look.

JBundle - Packaging JVM Applications

JBundle is a tool for packaging JVM applications into distribution-ready formats. In the era of jpackage and GraalVM native image, JBundle offers yet another option in the deployment tooling ecosystem.

As a wrap up, I have the invitation 😁

PS: The full KotlinConf’26 schedule is live - it’s officially time to start planning your conference experience! This year’s program highlights the ideas, tools, and real-world practices shaping the future of Kotlin. Over two days, you’ll hear from the Kotlin team and community experts as they share insights, experiments, and lessons learned from building at scale.

Amon speakers, you will find:

• Talking to Terminals (And How They Talk Back) | Jake Wharton

• Bootiful Kotlin | Josh Long

• Evolving Language Defaults | Michail Zarečenskij

• Practical Filament – Reshape Your UI! | Nicole Terc Vega

• Dissecting Kotlin: 2026 | Huyen Tue Dao

• Why Most AI Agents Never Scale: Building Enterprise-Ready AI With Koog | Vadim Briliantov

The full list you can find there.

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